How do summative and formative assessments differ?

Summative assessments are designed to evaluate student learning at the conclusion of an instructional unit or period, such as at the end of a semester or school year. They serve as a measure of what students have learned and the level of proficiency they have achieved, often accounting for a significant portion of a student’s grade. Examples of summative assessments include final exams, standardized tests, and major projects or assignments.

In contrast, formative assessments are intended to provide ongoing feedback during the learning process. They occur throughout instruction and help educators understand how well students are grasping the material. This type of assessment can take many forms, such as quizzes, class discussions, and informal observations, allowing teachers to identify areas where students may need additional support and adjust their teaching strategies accordingly.

The distinction lies in the timing and purpose: summative assessments evaluate the overall effectiveness of instruction after it has occurred, while formative assessments are meant to enhance learning as it is happening. Understanding this difference is crucial for educators in order to use both types of assessments effectively to support student learning and improvement.